a. Mom loves to cook for our family. (or to our family ?)

(1) for

 b. Adelia has six children: five sons and me. (here every time we want to refer to "filhos" in English we are going to say "children" even if they are not children anymore?     

(1) Yes, "CHILDREN" is used regardless of their current ages.

(2) A native would give the above information in an entirely different way.  I'd say:

My mother had six children; I was the only girl.

My mother had six children; five sons and one daughter.  (If I am a female, logic tells the listener that I am that daughter.)

(3) It would be extremely rare to hear a native refer to his or her mother by first name.

Also concerning e.g. b, is it indifferent if we write "Adelia has six children: five sons and me" or "Adelia has six children: me and five sons."   ? 

(1) Read what I wrote above.

(2) When the speaker/writer in English includes himself in a group, it's expected that the "me" or "I" will come at the end of the names.  

John and I are going to the store.  (Not "I and John....)

She saw Frank, Bill, and me as we were leaving the store.  (Not she saw me, Frank, and Bill...)